Abstract
Simple SummaryRecently, an increasing number of studies have investigated the expression and perception of emotions by non-human animals. In particular, it is of interest to determine whether animals can link emotion stimuli of different modalities (e.g., visual and oral) based on the emotions that are expressed (i.e., to recognize emotions cross-modally). For domestic species that share a close relationship with humans, we might even wonder whether this ability extends to human emotions. Here, we investigated whether domestic horses recognize human emotions cross-modally. We simultaneously presented two animated pictures of human facial expressions, one typical of joy and the other of anger; simultaneously, a speaker played a human non-verbal vocalization expressing joy or anger. Horses looked at the picture that did not match the emotion of the vocalization more (probably because they were intrigued by the paradoxical combination). Moreover, their behavior and heart rate differed depending on the vocalization: they reacted more negatively to the anger vocalization and more positively to the joy vocalization. These results suggest that horses can match visual and vocal cues for the same emotion and can perceive the emotional valence of human non-verbal vocalizations.Over the last few years, an increasing number of studies have aimed to gain more insight into the field of animal emotions. In particular, it is of interest to determine whether animals can cross-modally categorize the emotions of others. For domestic animals that share a close relationship with humans, we might wonder whether this cross-modal recognition of emotions extends to humans, as well. In this study, we tested whether horses could recognize human emotions and attribute the emotional valence of visual (facial expression) and vocal (non-verbal vocalization) stimuli to the same perceptual category. Two animated pictures of different facial expressions (anger and joy) were simultaneously presented to the horses, while a speaker played an emotional human non-verbal vocalization matching one of the two facial expressions. Horses looked at the picture that was incongruent with the vocalization more, probably because they were intrigued by the paradoxical combination. Moreover, horses reacted in accordance with the valence of the vocalization, both behaviorally and physiologically (heart rate). These results show that horses can cross-modally recognize human emotions and react emotionally to the emotional states of humans, assessed by non-verbal vocalizations.
Highlights
Over the last few years, an increasing number of studies have aimed to gain more insight into the field of animal emotions
We investigated the cross-modal recognition of human emotions in horses using the cross-modal preferential looking paradigm
The preference index was significantly higher for pictures that were incongruent with the emotional valence of the vocalization played (X2 = 13.00, p < 0.001; Figure 2)
Summary
Over the last few years, an increasing number of studies have aimed to gain more insight into the field of animal emotions. Several species have been shown to perceive the emotions of others (e.g., primates: [6,7,8,9]; dogs: [10,11,12]; sheep: [13]; and goats: [14,15]). It is still of question whether animals can categorize emotions. This ability can, for instance, be assessed by investigating the cross-modal recognition of emotions (i.e., integrating the information perceived by different senses [16]). Chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, capuchin monkeys and dogs have been shown to cross-modally recognize conspecifics’ emotions using this paradigm [10,20,21,22]
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