Abstract
SINCE the discovery by Galli Mainini (1, 2, 3, 4) that human pregnancy urine and chorionic gonadotropin will cause the release of spermatozoa by the male toad, Bufo arenarum Hensel, numerous species of male toads and frogs have been evaluated for their efficacy as pregnancy test animals (5–12). The male leopard frog, Rana pipiens, has been widely used in this country as a pregnancy test animal following the procedure outlined by Miller and Wiltberger (6, 7) and Robbins and Parker (8). Robbins and Parker (13) have also shown that the South African male frog, Xenopus laevis, and the male frog, Rana pipiens, respond to the subcutaneous administration of epinephrine by the emission of spermatozoa, the Xenopus laevis frog being reactive throughout the year, the Rana pipiens frog passing through a refractory period during the summer months of June, July and August. Synthetic as well as naturally derived epinephrine proved to be equally effective in producing the release of spermatozoa; hypophysectomy failed to alter the reactivity of the animal to epinephrine.
Published Version
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