Homeostatic Characteristics of Single Species Fish Stocks in Arctic Lakes

Abstract

The results of investigations on the fish stocks of seven Arctic lakes covering a period of 23 yr are described. These lakes have remained largely undisturbed since their formation in late glacial times; all but one are completely autonomous and of comparatively small size. Such lakes provide a unique opportunity for the development and testing of conceptual models. In all cases the only fish species present is Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. Length frequency distributions derived from gillnet catch curves are shown to be, within reasonable limits, representative of the actual populations in the lake, and not artifacts of the sampling procedure. Length frequency curves show a unimodal or bimodal distribution and this structure, in the absence of perturbation, appears to remain constant indefinitely. Individuals are of great age but age-at-length is highly variable. Age and size structure are shown to be comparable with the age and size structure of the dominant tree species in a climax forest; it is concluded that forces of great generality fashion these configurations. It is hypothesized that all species tend to move towards a state of least energy dissipation; this can be most readily seen in the dominant species at the climax in an autonomous system. The dominant species is characterized by large individual size, a high degree of uniformity, high total biomass, great mean age, indeterminate age-at-death, and a low incidence of replacement stock. After severe perturbation it is shown that the charr stock returns to a state of least dissipation without oscillation. Absence of oscillation during the return to the initial state, combined with the long-term stability shown in control lakes, indicates the presence of an effective damping mechanism; this in turn indicates the existence of organization within the stock as a whole. Organization develops through an interactive mechanism described under the doctrine of homeokinesis, which is responsible for energy equipartitioning and the maintenance of uniformity. These concepts help to explain phenomena observed in more complex systems and help our understanding of ecosystem functioning.