Abstract
The optical phase conjugation (OPC) through photonic nanostructures in coherent optics involves the utilization of a nonlinear optical mechanism through real-time processing of electromagnetic fields. Their applications include spectroscopy, optical tomography, wavefront sensing, and imaging. The development of functional and personalized holographic devices in the visible and near-infrared spectrum can be improved by introducing cost-effective, rapid, and high-throughput fabrication techniques and low-cost recording media. Here, we develop flat and thin phase-conjugate nanostructures on low-cost ink coated glass substrates through a facile and flexible single pulsed nanosecond laser based reflection holography and a cornercube retroreflector (CCR). Fabricated one/two-dimensional (1D/2D) nanostructures exhibited far-field phase-conjugated patterns through wavefront reconstruction by means of diffraction. The optical phase conjugation property had correlation with the laser light (energy) and structural parameters (width, height and exposure angle) variation. The phase conjugated diffraction property from the recorded nanostructures was verified through spectral measurements, far-field diffraction experiments, and thermal imaging. Furthermore, a comparison between the conventional and phase-conjugated nanostructures showed two-fold increase in diffracted light intensity under monochromatic light illumination. It is anticipated that low-cost ink based holographic phase-conjugate nanostructures may have applications in flexible and printable displays, polarization-selective flat waveplates, and adaptive diffraction optics.
Highlights
The optical phase conjugation (OPC) through photonic nanostructures in coherent optics involves the utilization of a nonlinear optical mechanism through real-time processing of electromagnetic fields
The phase conjugated wave (PCW) is the reverse phase of an electromagnetic field at every point as compared to incident light[2]
An ideal phase conjugate mirror (PCM) reflects a light wave in which the wave vector and amplitude are reversed and are complex conjugated to the incident wave to create PCW6,7
Summary
The optical phase conjugation (OPC) through photonic nanostructures in coherent optics involves the utilization of a nonlinear optical mechanism through real-time processing of electromagnetic fields. Holography is an optical process to record and reconstruct amplitude and phase information by means of diffraction through monochromatic or broadband light illumination It has applications in data storage, image display, security, and biochemical sensing[15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Holography include surface stamping/imprinting (i.e. embossing), focused ion beam (FIB) milling, and electron beam lithography (EBL) to produce nanoscale resolution patterns[29,30,31,32] These methods are complex, expertise dependent, high-cost, and time-consuming[12]. Direct laser writing based on single pulse Denisyuk reflection holography have been utilized to produce optical devices through selective removal of light absorbing materials through nanosecond laser ablation[12,13,27,35]. As compared to conventional gratings, conjugated surface patterns showed two-fold increase in diffraction intensity at monochromatic red light normal illumination
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