Abstract
Settlement patterns increase in complexity in all cultures, from an original condition in which all settlements are of approximately the same size to a situation in which settlements of different sizes and functions come to exist. The first complex settlement systems in the world appeared in southwest Asia. Clusters of settlements with similar characteristics arose in different parts of Asia. The regions of South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia can be defined as analytical units for the purpose of generalization and comparison. Settlements in these regions evolved through different pathways and as a result of different sequences of factors, through a process of convergent evolution, to form cities which today look superficially similar but arose from different origins. The term “settlements” is preferable to “cities” because the word “city” is not universally applicable; it is culture‐bound.
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