Historical, Cultural, and Religious Influences in Anatomy and Physiology and their Relevance to Diversity and Inclusion

Abstract

There have been many cultural and religious influences on the studies of anatomy and physiology throughout history. This article provides a brief survey of historical and cultural influences on medicine and anatomy and physiology specifically. These historical and cultural influences include the lifetime and strategic contributions of early physicians, scientists, and scholars as well as the contributions of entire cultures through the social sciences and the religious and non-religious humanities. Discussion of these historical, cultural, and religious topics can be integrated into anatomy and physiology classrooms as lessons that promote diversity and inclusion and cultural humility among faculty and students. Examples of such lessons are described in this article in alignment with the diversity and inclusion goals that were incorporated into the revised Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) Learning Goals for Students. These learning goals showcase the increasing emphasis that HAPS has been ascribing to diversity, equity, and inclusion.