Abstract
Introduction: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the commonly injured ligaments of the knee joint due to sports activities. Because of the poor healing capacity of the ACL, surgical treatment for ACL injuries was followed for many years. Therefore, understanding the structural knowledge of the ACL will help in reproduce the native ACL. Objectives: To improve the histological knowledge of ACL and to understand the valuation of histology of ACL attachment to the bone. Subjects and Methods: PubMed and Google search was used as a search engine to collect the concerned articles that describing the histology of ACL. The key words were ACL, histology, Ultrastructure. Results: Ultrastructure of ACL observed from proximal to distal attachments showed the more complicated and complex arrangement of collagen bundles with interspersed cells in between. Ultrastructure of ACL also should be borne in mind before preparing ACL grafts. Conclusion: ACL has complex histological structure. It is essential to consider the details of the ACL histological structure in ACL reconstruction surgeries to restore its full functionality. This review may be useful as a reference to investigate the mechanical properties of ACL footprint.
Highlights
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the commonly injured ligaments of the knee joint due to sports activities
ACL consists of two bundles, namely, an anteromedial and posterolateral bundle based on their attachment over tibia
Ultrastructure of ACL is composite and consists of more collagen bundles arranged in different directions along the length of ACL with cells interspersed in between the bundles
Summary
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the commonly injured ligaments of the knee joint due to sports activities. Injury to the ligaments results in a drastic change in its structural and functional behavior.[1] Cruciate ligaments in the knee joint play a pivotal role in maintaining the stability of the knee joint. They crisscross each other in oblique fashion in the center of the joint. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) controls the anterior movement of tibia over the femur and intercepting the hyperextension of the knee joint.[2] ACL is attached proximally to the posteromedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle and distally to the anterior intercondylar region of the tibia. This review was undertaken to unfold the structural complexity of the ACL and make the reader aware of it
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