High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the three main oxidative and 3-carboxylic antipyrine metabolites in human urine

Abstract

The oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics is usually explored using the antipyrine test, which consists of determining the production clearances and urinary percentages of three major antipyrine metabolites 4-hydroxyantipyrine, norantipyrine and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine. The total forms of these compounds are generally determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, the 3-carboxylic acid metabolite (3-carboxyantipyrine), which is the ultimate oxidation form in the 3-hydroxylation pathway, should also be taken into account, but so far its determination by HPLC has not been reported. A simple and accurate HPLC method has now been developed to determine the three major metabolites plus 3-carboxyantipyrine. In this method, all compounds are extracted in an aprotic non-polar solvent, at pH 3.5 for the major metabolites and unchanged antipyrine, then at pH 0.9 for 3-carboxyantipyrine. Total forms are evaluated after enzymatic hydrolysis. Throughout the procedure, attention is paid to the relative instability of norantipyrine and 4-hydroxyantipyrine. Recovery, accuracy and precision are discussed. The method has been applied to the determination of relative amounts (percentage of the dose administered) excreted in the urine of ten adult subjects 48 h after ingestion of antipyrine (600 mg). The proportion of 3-carboxyantipyrine excreted was 4.5 ± 0.2%, which is in agreement with published values obtained by gas chromatography. The excretion rates of the major metabolites also were similar to those reported in the literature, thereby confirming that the reported method is valid. 3-Carboxyantipyrine is totally excreted as the free form and norantipyrine almost completely as glucuroconjugate.