Abstract
The treatment of wastewater always demands eco-friendly and cost-efficient adsorbents. In this paper, spent mushroom waste (SMW) was modified by a cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) to eliminate toxic dyes. A characterization of adsorbents confirmed that CTAB was successfully embedded into the SMW structure. The spent mushroom waste, modified by CTAB (SMWC), exhibited an excellent adsorption capacity of 249.57 mg·g−1, 338.67 mg·g−1, and 265.01 mg·g−1 for the Direct red 5B (DR5B), Direct blue 71 (DB71), and Reactive black (RB5) dyes, respectively. Batch experiments indicated that the dye adsorption of SMWC depended mainly on pH, dye concentration, temperature, and ionic strength. The adsorption isotherm could be fitted to the Langmuir model and described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The dye adsorption mechanism was dominated mostly by the chemosorption of the dyes and the SMWC surface. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous. SMWC could successfully remove over 90% of dyes from various water samples. This can be considered a feasible waste resource utility, since it meets both the ecological and the economic requirements for auspicious industrial applications.
Highlights
The risk of water pollution is rapidly increasing in the modern industrialized world because tons of industrial, municipal, and other types of waste are being released into bodies of water
The broad band at approximately 3425 cm−1 corresponded to hydroxyl groups on the spent mushroom waste (SMW) surface, which indicated the presence of cellulose and lignin
Compared to the spectrum of SMW, the spectrum of SMWC exhibits highly intense peaks at 2925 cm−1, 2852 cm−1, and 1461 cm−1, along with prominent aliphatic groups, such as CH, CH2, and CH3, which correspond with the functional groups of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)
Summary
The risk of water pollution is rapidly increasing in the modern industrialized world because tons of industrial, municipal, and other types of waste are being released into bodies of water. Industrial waste contains different types of organic dyes and toxins [1]. Synthetic dyes contain aromatic compounds consisting of different functional groups that can be categorized into cationic (basic), anionic (direct, acid, and reactive), and nonionic (disperse) [2]. Dyes released into environmental waters can be mutagenic, carcinogenic, and toxic to aquatic life [2], but they are difficult to remove because of their high solubility. The removal of dyes from wastewater to avoid severe toxicity to aquatic life is one of the most pressing scientific concerns. Several techniques have been employed to combat this issue, including nanofiltration [3], cloud point extraction [4], ozonation [5], flocculation [6], photo-degradation [7], oxidation [8], coagulation [9], and microbial degradation [10]
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