Abstract
The removal of hazardous dyes has become a major economic and health concern to treat wastewater. In this study, efficient, low-cost, and eco-friendly spent mushroom waste (SMW) showed great potential for removing the anionic dyes, namely Direct Red 5B (DR5B), Direct Black 22 (DB22), Direct Black 71 (DB71), and Reactive Black 5 (RB5). The mechanisms of adsorption could be controlled by both physical and chemical adsorption. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that SMW surface is porous and irregular. The kinetic study could be described well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, whereas the best representation of the equilibrium isotherm is the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities of SMW were found to be 18 mg g−1 for DR5B, 15.46 mg g−1 for DB22, 20.19 mg g−1 for DB71, and 14.62 mg g−1 for RB5. The analysis of thermodynamic study of ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° proved that the adsorption of the tested dyes onto SMW was endothermic and spontaneous. Based on these results, SMW can be considered as high potential adsorbent for the removal of dyes from wastewater.
Highlights
In recent decades, rapid industrialization and urbanization have caused a disturbing global increase in water pollution
The influence of solution pH on the adsorption process of Direct Red 5B (DR5B), Direct Black 22 (DB22), Direct Black 71 (DB71), and Reactive Black 5 (RB5) onto spent mushroom waste (SMW) was examined in the pH range of 2–10
This was due to the dissociation of anionic dyes in an aqueous solution: Dye
Summary
Rapid industrialization and urbanization have caused a disturbing global increase in water pollution. Anionic dyes, which contain negatively charged sulfonic groups (SO3−), are highly soluble and visible in water bodies (Liu et al 2014) They can be successfully removed from wastewater by conventionally available techniques, such as nanofiltration (Liu et al 2017), ozonation (Rodríguez et al 2017), flocculation (Xiao et al 2017), oxidation (Soares et al 2017), photo-degradation (Fahimirad et al 2017), membrane separation (Ciardelli et al 2001), microbial degradation (Kadam et al 2013), and coagulation (Nourmoradi et al 2015). Some cost-effective organic adsorbents include peat (Allen et al 2004), grapefruit peels (Saeed et al 2010), rice husk (Han et al 2008), peanut husk (Sadaf and Bhatti 2014), banana peels (Munagapati et al 2018), wood apple shells
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