Abstract
TiO2-MoO3 composite systems were successfully prepared using a template-assisted microwave method at molar ratios TiO2:MoO3 = 8:2, 5:5 and 2:8. The synthesized material systems were comprehensively characterized, in terms of their crystalline structure (XRD and Raman spectroscopy), morphology (SEM, TEM and HRTEM analysis) and parameters of the porous structure (low-temperature N2 sorption). The materials exhibited highly crystalline phases: anatase and hexagonal molybdenum trioxide. Moreover, TEM analysis revealed hexagonal prism particles of MoO3 and nanocrystalline particles of TiO2. The proposed template-assisted microwave synthesis enabled the incorporation of TiO2 particles on the surface of hexagonal particles of MoO3, which resulted in a stable junction between titania and molybdenum trioxide. The values of BET surface area were 57, 29 and 11 m2/g for samples obtained at molar ratios TiO2:MoO3 = 8:2, 5:5 and 2:8 respectively. In electrochemical applications, titanium dioxide plays a crucial role as an intercalation intensifier, in which MoO3 is responsible for current conduction. Taking account of the potential electrochemical applications, the best system was obtained at the molar ratio TiO2:MoO3 = 5:5. The anode could maintain a capacity of 400 mAh/g at current densities in the range 100–1000 mA/g at potential values ranging from 1.00 to 3.30 V vs. Li/Li+. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the effective intercalation of lithium ions into the TiO2-MoO3 composite materials.
Highlights
In recent years there has been a significant increase in the popularity of devices powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to the need for constant communication and access to information [1].With the development of mobile devices, new technologies are needed to make energy management more efficient, because the battery is essential for the reliability of such devices
For the reference TiO2 sample, TiO2 sample, the recorded diffraction peaks can be assigned to the anatase crystalline structure (space the recorded diffraction peaks can be assigned to the anatase crystalline structure and the respective crystalline planes (101), (004), (200), no. 141, JCPDS No 21-1272) and the respective crystalline planes (101), (004), (200), (105) (204), (116)
One of the goals of this work was to use the template-assisted microwave method for synthesis of highly crystalline TiO2 -MoO3 materials. The use of this novel synthesis method enabled the incorporation of titania nanocrystalline particles on the hexagonal MoO3 structure
Summary
In recent years there has been a significant increase in the popularity of devices powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to the need for constant communication and access to information [1]. With the development of mobile devices, new technologies are needed to make energy management more efficient, because the battery is essential for the reliability of such devices. Lithium-ion batteries are the most commonly used reversible cells. To make them suitable for wider use in home, mobile or even automotive devices, batteries should possess certain features: a high number of charge/discharge cycles and long service life, operability over a wide temperature range, safety during use, etc. Electrochemical reversible cells appear to be the most effective among all energy storage devices [4], there is still much ongoing research aimed at improving them. It is valuable to focus on the reduction of production costs, which are relatively high and generate large amounts of waste [5], because lithium-ion cells themselves are a promising replacement for internal combustion engines [6]
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