Abstract
BackgroundSome studies have reported that nitrate intake from vegetables was inversely associated with many vascular diseases, but few studies have paid attention to the relationship between urinary nitrate and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the connections between urinary nitrate and prevalence of CVDs.MethodsThe data of this study was collected from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Finally, several years’ data of NHANES were merged into 14,894 observations. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between urinary nitrate and CVDs by using the “survey” package in R software (version 3.2.3).ResultsIn the univariable logistic analysis, significant association was discovered between urinary nitrate and congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (all P < 0.001). By adjusting related covariates, the multivariable logistic analysis showed that the significant association only existed between urinary nitrate and congestive heart failure (OR = 0.651, 95% CI 0.507–0.838, P < 0.001). Compared to Q1 urinary nitrate level as reference, the risk for prevalent heart failure diminished along with increasing levels of urinary nitrates, (OR of Q2 level = 0.633, 95% CI 0.403–0.994), (OR of Q3 level = 0.425, 95% CI 0.230–0.783), (OR of Q4 level = 0.375, 95% CI 0.210–0.661), respectively. Moreover, urinary nitrate levels were associated with congestive heart failure in a dose-dependent manner in both 20–60 years group, 60+ years group and male, female group (P < 0.001, P = 0.011 and P = 0.009, P = 0.004).ConclusionsIndependent of related covariates, higher urinary nitrate was associated with lower prevalent congestive heart failure.
Highlights
Some studies have reported that nitrate intake from vegetables was inversely associated with many vascular diseases, but few studies have paid attention to the relationship between urinary nitrate and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
General demographic information 14,894 participants were included in this study from 5 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) surveys
Association between urinary nitrate and CVDs To explore whether urinary nitrate levels were associated with any CVDs, logistic regression methods were used by conducting univariable and multivariable analyses
Summary
Some studies have reported that nitrate intake from vegetables was inversely associated with many vascular diseases, but few studies have paid attention to the relationship between urinary nitrate and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the connections between urinary nitrate and prevalence of CVDs. In the past, nitrate was considered to be associated with detrimental health outcomes such as cancer [1, 2], understanding of the health impact of nitrate has recently undergone radical changes. Many researchers implemented studies on the relationship between dietary nitrate and vascular health [1,2,3,4]. Urinary nitrate can better reflect the level of nitrate in human body
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