Higher education reform in Japan: the tension between public good and commodification1

Abstract

Ever since the Imperial Ordinance of 1886 laid the foundations for Japan's university system and Mori Arinori declared that the fundamental purpose of the university was to serve the interests of the state and contribute to national strength, Japan's higher education system has been inextricably linked to national interests. This, however, does not necessarily mean it served the public interest, as our paper will demonstrate. We will approach this topic historically focusing first on the pre-Meiji historical legacies, the development of higher education in Japan will then be detailed with the beginnings of Western influence in higher education, especially the role played by Germany and France, and the consequent strong role of the state. A third reform stage will be examined, focusing on the post-Second World War role of the USA and the expansion of both public and private universities. Finally, the major reforms of the 1990s will be discussed, the new Standards for the Establishment of Universities (SEU) and the implications for both public and private higher education in a demographic climate of declining population. The goal of the paper will be to disentangle the concepts of education and the state, education and the public good, and powerful antecedents and current drive toward marketization.