Abstract
Emission of greenhouse gases and scarcity of fossil fuels have put the focus of the scientific community, industry and society on the electric vehicle (EV). In order to reduce CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> emissions, cutting-edge policies and regulations are being imposed worldwide, where the use of EVs is being encouraged. In the best of scenarios reaching 245 million EVs by 2030 is expected. Extensive use of EV-s requires the installation of a wide grid of charging stations and it is very important to stablish the best charging power topology in terms of efficiency and impact in the grid. This paper presents a review of the most relevant issues in EV charging station power topologies. This review includes the impact of the battery technology, currently existing standards and proposals for power converters in the charging stations. In this review process, some disadvantages of current chargers have been identified, such as poor efficiency and power factor. To solve these limitations, five unidirectional three-phase rectifier topologies have been proposed for fast EV charging stations that enhance the current situation of chargers. Simulation results show that all the proposed topologies improve the power factor issue without penalizing efficiency. The topologies with the best overall performance are the Vienna 6-switch and the Vienna T-type rectifier. These two converters achieve high efficiency and power factor, and they allow a better distribution of losses among semiconductors, which significantly increase the life-cycle of the semiconductor devices and the reliability of the converter.
Highlights
P ROTECTION of the environment has become one of the main concerns of social agents, policy makers and the scientific community due to factors such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, scarcity of fossil fuels and volatility of their prices
BATTERIES: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS Batteries play a crucial role in making electric vehicle (EV) competitive against internal combustion engines (ICE) [28, 29]
As far as battery technologies are concerned, there are no one-size-fits-all solutions in the energy storage systems (ESS), and the decision to opt for one storage technology over another depends on several parameters, such as power density, lifetime, efficiency and operation temperature [39, 40]
Summary
P ROTECTION of the environment has become one of the main concerns of social agents, policy makers and the scientific community due to factors such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, scarcity of fossil fuels and volatility of their prices. The IEA forecasts a surge in the global electricity demand of EVs, in both stated policies scenarios and sustainable development scenarios (Fig. 1-STEPS and Fig. 1-SDS)[2] As it can be seen, an increase around 550 TWh is expected from 2019 to 2030 according to STEPS. According to some studies [23,24,25,26,27], a change in trend is expected in the battery voltage of light EVs, and an increase in the DC bus to 800 V systems is expected With this change, a substantial reduction in the conductive wire weight could be achieved, since half the current will be handled for the same power [23].
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