Abstract
Although of high priority for the development of genetic tools to control malaria-transmitting mosquitoes, only a few germline-specific regulatory regions have been characterised to date and the presence of global regulatory mechanisms, such as dosage compensation and meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI), are mostly assumed from transcriptomic analyses of reproductive tissues or whole gonads. In such studies, samples include a significant portion of somatic tissues inevitably complicating the reconstruction of a defined transcriptional map of gametogenesis. By exploiting recent advances in transgenic technologies and gene editing tools, combined with fluorescence-activated cell sorting and RNA sequencing, we have separated four distinct cell lineages from the Anopheles gambiae male gonads: premeiotic, meiotic (primary and secondary spermatocytes) and postmeiotic. By comparing the overall expression levels of X-linked and autosomal genes across the four populations, we revealed a striking transcriptional repression of the X chromosome coincident with the meiotic phase, classifiable as MSCI, and highlighted genes that may evade silencing. In addition, chromosome-wide median expression ratios of the premeiotic population confirmed the absence of dosage compensation in the male germline. Applying differential expression analysis, we highlighted genes and transcript isoforms enriched at specific timepoints and reconstructed the expression dynamics of the main biological processes regulating the key stages of sperm development and maturation. We generated the first transcriptomic atlas of A. gambiae spermatogenesis that will expand the available toolbox for the genetic engineering of vector control technologies. We also describe an innovative and multidimensional approach to isolate specific cell lineages that can be used for the targeted analysis of other A. gambiae organs or transferred to other medically relevant species and model organisms.
Highlights
The majority of the current and most promising methods for the genetic control of pest and vector populations, including the malaria-transmitting mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae, rely on the expression of nucleases at specific stages of gametogenesis in one, usually the male[1,2,3,4,5], or both sexes[1,3,6,7,8]
Studies in other organisms revealed that meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) is a specific case of a more general phenomenon responsible for the transcriptional silencing of unsynapsed chromosomes or their heteromorphic regions that fail to establish meiotic pairing, defined as meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin (MSUC)[20]
The selection of functional germline promoters and the understanding of the mechanisms of gene regulation is currently very limited for the malaria vectors, relying on the transcriptomic analysis of entire germline tissues and/or orthology relationships with Drosophila. Seeking to fill this knowledge gap, we developed an innovative method combining the use of transgenic markers and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to separate distinct populations of germline cells according to their progression throughout spermatogenesis
Summary
The majority of the current and most promising methods for the genetic control of pest and vector populations, including the malaria-transmitting mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae, rely on the expression of nucleases at specific stages of gametogenesis in one, usually the male[1,2,3,4,5], or both sexes[1,3,6,7,8]. Www.nature.com/scientificreports for example, through the selective removal of X-bearing sperm to generate extremely male-biased progenies[4,5,16] In this case, the sex distorter element may be linked to the Y chromosome to increase its frequency in the population whilst being active during meiosis when the haploid gametes are formed[8,17,18]. The selection of functional germline promoters and the understanding of the mechanisms of gene regulation is currently very limited for the malaria vectors, relying on the transcriptomic analysis of entire germline tissues and/or orthology relationships with Drosophila Seeking to fill this knowledge gap, we developed an innovative method combining the use of transgenic markers and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to separate distinct populations of germline cells according to their progression throughout spermatogenesis. We generated the first transcriptomic atlas of A. gambiae spermatogenesis
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