Abstract
Background & objectives Presence of resistant gut flora in the community is associated with increasing multi-drug resistance (MDR) infections. In this study, the prevalence of MDR organisms in the gut flora of a healthy rural population residing in northern India was determined. Methods Healthy individuals aged 18-45 yr from Nuh district, Haryana, India were included in this study. Risk factors associated with dysbiosis, diet, lifestyle and exposure to animals was assessed. Qualitative food frequency questionnaire and inflammatory diet score was calculated. Pathogens in stool sample were detected by MALDI-TOF. Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility was done by automated Vitek-2 System. The presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes was evaluated using PCR. An isolate having resistance to at least one antibiotic out of the three or more classes of antibiotics tested was labelled as MDR. Results Among 153 individuals included in this study (mean age-32.5±8.6 yr, females-58.2%, vegetarian-68.6%), the most frequent organism isolated was E. coli (n=137, 89.5%) followed by K. pneumoniae (n=19, 12.4%) and Enterobacter species (n=23, 15%). Forty seven (30.7%) individuals had sensitive and 42 (27.4%) had MDR organisms. Fifty one (33.3%) were positive for ESBL, 5 (3.3%) were positive for carbapenems, and 18 (11.8%) were positive for both genes. Age, gender, body mass index, diet pattern, or diet score were similar between participants with sensitive and resistant organisms. Resistance against fluoroquinolones was highest [92(48.7%)] among all isolates. Forty nine (25.9%), 25 (13.2%), 24 (12.7%) and 21 (11.1%) isolates, respectively were positive for blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTXM-1 and OXA-48 genes. Interpretation & conclusions Overall the study findings suggest that 27 per cent individuals from rural northern India carry MDR organisms in their fecal flora, with an ESBL carriage rate of 44 per cent.
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