Abstract
BackgroundSitosterolemia is an inherited lipid disorder which presents with elevated serum sitosterol and can result in an increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease. However, sitosterol cannot be accurately measured by routine diagnostic assays, meaning that sitosterolemia diagnosis can often be difficult, especially with many clinical features overlapping with familial hypercholesterolemia. With such complications resulting in increasing reports of misdiagnosis, the prevalence of sitosterolemia is predicted to be much higher than previously reported.MethodsGas chromatography-mass spectrometry was utilized to measure sitosterol levels of normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic children. Subsequently, an epidemiologically determined cutoff level of sitosterol was calculated and applied to estimate the prevalence of children with increased sitosterol and identify potential sitosterolemia patients. Massively parallel sequencing was used to confirm the diagnosis in suspected patients.ResultsSamples from 109 normocholesterolemic and 220 hypercholesterolemic were tested for phytosterols. Sitosterol and campesterol levels were significantly increased in hypercholesterolemic children (mean 22.0±45.9 μmol/L for sitosterol and 26.0±32.8 μmol/L for campesterol) compared to normocholesterolemic children (mean 12.1±4.9 μmol/L for sistosterol and 14.8±6.7 μmol/L for campesterol). Via application of a cutoff of 35.9 μmol/L, the prevalence rates for increased and overtly increased sitosterol in hypercholesterolemic children were 6.4% and 1.4% respectively. Furthermore, 3 suspected sitosterolemia patients were identified, with 2 patients receiving molecular confirmation for sitosterolemia diagnosis.ConclusionsOur findings reaffirm that the prevalence of sitosterolemia is probably much higher than previously reported, which also indicates the significant risk of misdiagnosis of sitosterolemia with familial hypercholesterolemia. Special lipid testing including sitosterol, especially in children with uncontrolled hypercholesterolemia, is recommended in children in order to identify potential sitosterolemia patients that would otherwise be neglected.
Highlights
Sitosterolemia is a rare, autosomal recessive lipid disorder with heterogeneous clinical presentations, ranging from asymptomatic to premature cardiovascular disease, xanthomatosis, and/ or hematologic manifestations [1]
Sitosterol and campesterol levels were significantly increased in hypercholesterolemic children compared to normocholesterolemic children
Our findings reaffirm that the prevalence of sitosterolemia is probably much higher than previously reported, which indicates the significant risk of misdiagnosis of sitosterolemia with familial hypercholesterolemia
Summary
Sitosterolemia is a rare, autosomal recessive lipid disorder with heterogeneous clinical presentations, ranging from asymptomatic to premature cardiovascular disease, xanthomatosis, and/ or hematologic manifestations [1]. It is characterized by an increase in sitosterol, which is a phytosterol, or plant sterol, similar to cholesterol but differing in carbon side chain composition. Sitosterol cannot be accurately measured by routine diagnostic assays, meaning that sitosterolemia diagnosis can often be difficult, especially with many clinical features overlapping with familial hypercholesterolemia With such complications resulting in increasing reports of misdiagnosis, the prevalence of sitosterolemia is predicted to be much higher than previously reported
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