Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the extent of heavy metal, non-metal and metalloid levels in the Campomanesia adamantium pulp obtained from an area crossed by road experiencing high large vehicle traffic and intensive agriculture modern farming, to monitor the health risks associated with pulp consumption by humans. For this purpose, in three spots located within this area, ripe fruits were collected on the roadside, bush and farm-margin. Pulp samples were digested by microwave-assisted equipment, and chemical elements were quantified by ICP OES. The concentrations of K, Pb, Se, Fe, Mo, Zn, Co, Ni and Mn in the pulp collected in roadside/bush points showed statistical differences (p < 0.05). The heavy metals and metalloid concentrations that exceeded FAO/WHO standards were ordered Pb > As > Mo > Co > Ni > Mn > Cr. Therefore, among these metalloid and heavy metals, As, Pb and Cr were found to be higher in farm-margin > roadside > bush (1.5 × 10−3, 1.1 × 10−3 and 6.2 × 10−4), respectively. Therefore, As is the most important metalloid with higher levels in farm-margin, roadside and bush (1.5 × 10−3, 1.0 × 10−3 and 6.0 × 10−4 > 10−6–10−4 and 3.33, 2.30 and 1.34 > 1), respectively, to total cancer risk and hazard quotient, if 10 g daily of pulp are consumed.
Highlights
The relationship between anthropic activities and native fruits is extremely important for food security, including the role of metalloids and heavy metals in the contamination of land, water, and edible plants, which has been regarded as an environmental and public health hazard [1]
According to the carcinogenic risk calculated to health risk assessment, we propose that individuals consume 1 g/day instead of the
The article was composed of two Sections: Section 3.1 present data on the concentration of the chemical elements obtained in pulp collected in roadside, bush and farm-margin, and the comparison of these concentrations with other published studies
Summary
The relationship between anthropic activities and native fruits is extremely important for food security, including the role of metalloids and heavy metals in the contamination of land, water, and edible plants, which has been regarded as an environmental and public health hazard [1]. Due to severe anthropogenic activities, as high large vehicle traffic and intensive modern agriculture, the environment becomes prone to high toxicity and the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants used for food or medicines [2,3,4]. Roots, leaves and fruits of this species are popularly used as antirheumatic, antidiarrheal, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammation, urethritis and cystitis remedies, among other functions [6,7,8].
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