Hierarchy-oriented Bureaucracy of South Korea : a type of Neo-Weberian State?

Abstract

This paper explores the evolution and operational dynamics of South Korea’s bureaucracy through the lens of a Neo-Weberian State (NWS) model. It argues that South Korea’s bureaucratic system, deeply rooted in Confucian hierarchical principles, has uniquely adapted to modern administrative challenges and reforms influenced by New Public Management (NPM) ideologies. We trace the historical trajectory from the Confucian meritocracy of the Choson Dynasty through various significant reform periods up to the contemporary handling of the COVID-19 crisis with a focus on the variation of hierarchy, H1, H2, and H3. This analysis highlights how the Korean bureaucracy has managed to maintain efficiency and effectiveness while integrating market-driven and performance-oriented reforms. The paper also discusses the bureaucratic response to ‘wicked problems’?complex social issues requiring multi-faceted and innovative solutions?demonstrating adaptability in times of crisis. To illustrate this, we examine key case studies, including the rapid implementation of COVID-19 drive-through testing centers, showcasing the bureaucracy’s agility and effectiveness in crisis management.. This paper ultimately supports the view that despite global trends toward decentralization and deregulation, a strong hierarchical bureaucracy can still effectively meet contemporary governance challenges, reflecting a distinctive Neo-Weberian State approach