Abstract
With the increasing number of vehicles, the management of parking spaces in cities is becoming increasingly important in improving the quality of life and combating air pollution. Indeed, finding a parking space at peak times and in congested areas of the population becomes a huge challenge for drivers. To remedy this problem, most modern cities have smart parking. The equipment of these smart parking is mainly based on the implementation of wireless sensor networks (WSN) to monitor, track, and collect real-time information on the occupancy status of each parking space. This information is then made available to drivers who are looking for an available parking space. However, sensor nodes have limitations in terms of energy and communication that affect the performance and quality of the wireless sensor network. Therefore, the design of a self-organization protocol for WSN that minimizes power consumption and maximizes the longevity of the WSN network must be taken into account when implementing and developing a sustainable and viable intelligent parking system. In this paper, we propose a protocol for self-organization of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for the management of parking spaces in outdoor and urban car parks. This protocol is based on building clusters using ZigBee transmission technology for multihop communication. Each sensor node will be installed in the ground of each parking space to monitor its availability by sending the empty or busy state of that space to the gateway using cluster head nodes (CHs). This approach has a robust and efficient self-organizing algorithm that minimizes energy dissipation and increases the lifetime of sensor nodes and the WSN network. The simulation results show that parking management systems in outdoor and urban car parks using the self-organization protocol presented are efficient and sustainable in terms of energy consumption, reliability of data transmission, and the longevity of the WSN network compared to other existing parking systems that use different self-organizing protocols for wireless sensor networks.
Highlights
In recent years, many cities around the world are suffering from serious development problems because of urbanization and industrialization
The author of this paper proposes a linear intelligent parking system using the deployment of the wireless sensor network based on hierarchical clustering [14]
The chain structure adopted by this protocol makes it possible to create delays of reception of the data by the sink node which influences the quality and the stability of the system. This algorithm forces the nodes to be active all the time whatever their states for the aggregation and the data transmission which will cause the increase in energy consumption and the rapid exhaustion of the nodes [3] presents a new intelligent parking system which is based on the implementation of the network of wireless sensors in the parking spaces in order to collect their availability states to be operated by a guidance system which makes it easier for drivers to find a vacant space. This intelligent parking uses a self-organization protocol (Alg5) which creates a nonautonomous tree-type topology between the different nodes, where each monitoring node communicates via a single hop with the closest routing node which in turn communicates with the sink node via intermediate routing nodes to transmit the state of occupancy of each parking space to the parking management center
Summary
Many cities around the world are suffering from serious development problems because of urbanization and industrialization. As a result, clustering results in a significant reduction in network power consumption that extends lifespan of the nodes and increases the longevity of the WSN To implement this clustering mechanism, we propose in this paper a protocol based on a recursive and autonomous algorithm for dividing the network into clusters. The new CH of a cluster will be elected according to its residual energy and the communication distance with the higher level of location This proposed algorithm solves the problem of unnecessary transmissions for the selection of CHs that consumes a lot of energy and ensures the balance of energy between the different nodes of all clusters since the first round.
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