Hierarchical coordination scheme for voltage-aware fast frequency provision with flexible loads

Abstract

Fast-frequency reserve (FFR) is required to counteract the limited system damping in renewable-rich power systems. Several distributed resources, such as batteries, PVs, and thermal loads, suit this role. However, since the devices are located in distribution grids, local constraints must be considered in the control design. In this work, a coordination scheme is developed to provide FFR without local frequency measurements while using limited communication to the central agent and a neighborhood support system to support local voltages. The proposed scheme is tested through time-domain simulations under diverse grid conditions. The coexistence with other local droop control is evaluated, demonstrating how different types of units with flexible active and reactive power production/consumption can coexist with this scheme. The results highlight that the coordination scheme is a promising alternative to local droop control and can coexist with other schemes.