Abstract
Phage therapy, enzybiotics, gene medicine and nanodrug-carriers are most vital components of modern research against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Genome evolutionoccurs due to environmental toxicities of various types where soil bacteria are in symbiosis with plant world who secret anti-metabolites against soil bacteria. Gut microbiome secrete vitamins required for our body where as intestinal cells synthesis interleukins and cytokines for symbiotic control of intestinal bacteria. Before the discovery of antibiotic in 1928, peoples trusted plant derived remedies against variety of illness described in Indian Sanskrit books like Charaka Samhita, Sasruta Samhita and Atharva Veda. AMR disease occurred due to repeated but uncontrolled use of antibiotics affecting gut microbiome who acquired many <i>mdr</i> genes in plasmids. We estimated that are 40% of all river and sea water borne bacteria were ampicillin and to lesser extent tetracycline, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and streptomycin resistant. Where as <1% were multidrug-resistant and ~0.002% Enterobacteriaceae were meropenem, linezolid or amikacin resistant. MDR genes like <i>amp, neo, tet, aac, cat, aph, aad, mcr-1, blaNDM-1, blaKPC-1, arr3, sul1, dhfr, inh, acrAB, mexAB, macAB</i> and <i>mtrCD</i> were amplified with millions mutated isomers increasing all drugs MIC. We studied Indian medicinal plants and spices to get valuable cheap drugs where modified agriculture and/or tissue culture increased the drug concentration. We showed that MDR bacteria were sensitive to organic extract of <i>Suregada multiflora</i> roots, <i>Cassia fistula</i> bark, <i>Jatropha gossypifolia</i> roots as well as Indian spices Labanga and Derchini (MDR-Cure). TLC and HPLC purification as well as UV-VIS, MASS, NMR, FT-IR and XRD-Powder gave many distinct signatures of pure chemicals that also inhibited multidrug-resistant bacteria. Biological targets of 12 chemicals are under investigation targeting DNA Topoisomerase I, DNA Polymerase and RNA Polymerase of <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Indian Government has started Herbal Mission, Ganga Mission and various Plantation Programmes to curve MDR pathogenesis.
Highlights
History of Modern MedicineHuman civilization suffers from different diseases caused by microorganisms those we cannot see by naked eyes [1]
The term enzybiotic was coined from two words, enzyme and antibiotic and usually refers as the bacteriophage enzymes that attack the cell wall of bacteria with lyses [65,66,67]
Last two decades gradual increase of MDR clinical isolates were shown with >95% ampicillin and amoxicillin resistant which so far was controlled by synthesis of new derivatives of penicillin like cephalosporin and carbapenem
Summary
Human civilization suffers from different diseases caused by microorganisms those we cannot see by naked eyes [1]. Even Sun, River and Moon play a central role and plants are most worshiped for their utility, fruits and most importantly medicinal properties [2, 3]. Fungi, protozoa are unicellular but metabolism of carbohydrate food into glucose to pyruvic acid is very similar with human. Nucleic acids synthesis and protein synthesis chemical reactions involving thousand enzymes are pretty similar molecular assemblies (ribosome, mitochondria, DNA polymerase complex) are different and more complex so that antibiotics poorly inhibit human and animal central dogma processes
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