Heterogeneous interface in hollow ferroferric oxide/ iron phosphide@carbon spheres towards enhanced Li storage

Abstract

Heterogeneous interface and structural engineering play important roles for electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. Herein, heterostructures of hollow Fe3O4/FeP spheres coated with carbon shell (H-Fe3O4/FeP@C) are designed to enhance lithium storage performance. As bifunctional anode materials, the H-Fe3O4/FeP@C spheres show the good rate performance with 458.4 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 and long-cyclic performance (630.2 mAh g−1 at 2.0 A g−1 after 1000 cycles). Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the heterogeneous interfaces from (311) plane of Fe3O4 and (002) plane of FeP possess high charge density and distinct metallic character, which can improve the conductivity, increase the adsorption energy, provide more active sites and reduce the transfer barrier of ions and electrons. Besides, hollow structure of H-Fe3O4/FeP@C not only alleviates the volume expansion during lithiation/delithiation process but also shortens the diffusion distance of Li ions. In addition, the ex-situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to reveal the electrochemical Li storage mechanisms of H-Fe3O4/FeP@C. This work provides a novel route for design and preparation of Fe-based heterostructures for various energy storage systems in the future.