Abstract
Heterogeneous freezing of aqueous particles with solid inclusions of crystallized (NH4)2SO4, ice, and letovicite were studied using optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. For (NH4)2SO4−H2O particles, the heterogeneous freezing temperature was found to be dependent on the morphology of the (NH4)2SO4 solid. If the crystallized solid was in the form of microcrystals, the heterogeneous ice-freezing temperature was close to the eutectic temperature and the critical saturation with respect to ice was close to 1. However, if the solid was in the form of one or two large crystals, the heterogeneous freezing temperature was close to the homogeneous freezing temperature. For particles with one or two large (NH4)2SO4 crystals in equilibrium with (NH4)2SO4−H2O solution, we have estimated an upper limit of 1.5 × 10-5 s-1 μm-2 for Jhet (heterogeneous nucleation rate of ice, immersion freezing mode). Our results for NH4HSO4−H2O particles show that when one or two large crystals of either ice or letovi...
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