Abstract
This mini-review briefly describes the recent progress in the design and development of catalysts based on the presence of ionic liquids. In particular, the focus was on heterogeneous systems (supported ionic liquid (IL) phase catalysts (SILPC), solid catalysts with ILs (SCILL), porous liquids), which due to the low amounts of ionic liquids needed for their production, eliminate basic problems observed in the case of the employment of ionic liquids in homogeneous systems, such as high price, high viscosity, and efficient isolation from post-reaction mixtures.
Highlights
Over the last few decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have undoubtedly been among the most rapidly developing and has attracted great interest as chemical compounds
One of the more important and developed wide-scale directions of applications of ionic liquids in catalysis is their use for the immobilization of homogeneous catalysts and formation of biphasic systems, where one phase is made by an ionic liquid with a catalyst dissolved in it, and the other is made by reagents. Besides unquestionable advantages such as easier catalyst activity) and heterogeneous catalysis, which makes the catalytic process more cost-effective. Such integration of homo- and heterogeneous catalysts is currently realized in several variants: Supported IL phase catalysts (SILPCs), solid catalysts with ILs (SCILLs), and supported ionic liquid catalysis (SILC)
In the case of alkenes containing less than six carbon atoms, to prevent the ionic liquid layer leaching from the surface of SILPs by the polar products formed in the system, it is recommended to employ the SILP materials in which the ionic liquid is bound to the support by a covalent bond or the application of nonpolar solvents as a mobile phase (Figure 5)
Summary
Over the last few decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have undoubtedly been among the most rapidly developing and has attracted great interest as chemical compounds Due to their special properties and a wide spectrum of applications, ionic liquids were chosen a few years ago as one of 20 materials with the highest application potential [1]. After the first report on ionic liquids [8], as much as 40 years had passed until the appearance of ionic liquids of practical significance These were chloroaluminate-based liquids [9] and, later, ILs based on other metallates, so-called first-generation (Figure 2), which could be applied to electrochemistry, as well as to the electrolytic deposition of metals. Such great and continued interest in ionic liquids result mainly from their unique properties, as Neutral well as their evolution and adjustment to the new requirements and expectations.
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