Abstract
Background: Inconsistent control of Barnyardgrass has been reported repeatedly by farmers in major rice growing areas of Iran and Turkey. Objective: Thus, a greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the resistance of Barnyardgrass to acetyl CoA carboxylase (cyhalofop-butyl) and acetolactate synthase (penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium) inhibiting herbicides. Methods: The seeds were sown in pots in a greenhouse and after screening, were sprayed with various rates of cyhalofop-butyl, penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium herbicides at 3-4 leaf stage. Four weeks later, the above ground biomass was cut, dried in an oven and weighted. The results were then analyzed in the R software (drc package) using a four or three parameter log-logistic function. All experiments were repeated twice. Results: While 30% of biotypes collected from Turkey were not controlled by ACCase inhibitors at twice the recommended rates, no resistance was observed in Iran’s samples. Only one biotype exhibited cross-resistant to penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium in Iran, which was due to consecutive application of herbicides with modes of action similar to these herbicides. In contrast, several Turkish biotypes showed cross-resistance as well as multiple resistance to ACCase and ALS inhibitors. Conclusions: The rapid expansion of herbicide resistance in both countries indicate the necessity of adopting integrated weed management practices to hinder the further evolution of resistance in future.
Highlights
Rice has become the main crop produced in the eastern part of the world due to the key role it plays in dietary pattern of these regions
The biotypes which maintained 80% dry weight compared to control under recommended dose of herbicide were chosen as resistant ones and underwent dose-response assay
No cyhalofop-butyl resistance was observed among biotypes collected from Iran, and only one biotype showed resistance to penoxsulam
Summary
Rice has become the main crop produced in the eastern part of the world due to the key role it plays in dietary pattern of these regions. In Iran transplanting and in Turkey direct seeding methods are widely practiced. Inconsistent control of Barnyardgrass has been reported repeatedly by farmers in major rice growing areas of Iran and Turkey. Objective: a greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the resistance of Barnyardgrass to acetyl CoA carboxylase (cyhalofop-butyl) and acetolactate synthase (penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium) inhibiting herbicides. Methods: The seeds were sown in pots in a greenhouse and after screening, were sprayed with various rates of cyhalofop-butyl, penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium herbicides at 3-4 leaf stage. Results: While 30% of biotypes collected from Turkey were not controlled by ACCase inhibitors at twice the recommended rates, no resistance was observed in Iran’s samples. One biotype exhibited cross-resistant to penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium in Iran, which was due to consecutive application of herbicides with modes of action similar to these herbicides. Conclusions: The rapid expansion of herbicide resistance in both countries indicate the necessity of adopting integrated weed management practices to hinder the further evolution of resistance in future
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