Herbicide Resistance in Phalaris Species: A Review.

Javid Gherekhloo,Saeid Hassanpour-Bourkheili,Rafael De Prado,Parvin Hejazirad,Sajedeh Golmohammadzadeh,Jose G Vazquez-Garcia

doi:10.3390/plants10112248

Abstract

Weeds, such as Phalaris spp., can drastically reduce the yield of crops, and the evolution of resistance to herbicides has further exacerbated this issue. Thus far, 23 cases of herbicide resistance in 11 countries have been reported in Phalaris spp., including Phalaris minor Retz., Phalaris paradoxa L., and Phalaris brachystachys L., for photosystem II (PS-II), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. This paper will first review the cases of herbicide resistance reported in P. minor, P. paradoxa, and P. brachystachys. Then, the mechanisms of resistance in Phalaris spp. are discussed in detail. Finally, the fitness cost of herbicide resistance and the literature on the management of herbicide-resistant weeds from these species are reviewed.

Highlights

Phalaris species grow in various environments, including wild communities to disturbed areas in arable lands, sandy soils, and waste beds [1]
The cultivation of imazamox or glufosinate-resistant varieties of wheat [122] may be an option, as there are no reports of resistances to these herbicides in Phalaris spp
Herbicides are indispensable weapons in the battle against weed infestations, overreliance on a single chemical option may lead to more complicated cases of herbicide resistance

Summary

Introduction

Phalaris species grow in various environments, including wild communities to disturbed areas in arable lands, sandy soils, and waste beds [1]. Herbicide resistance in Phalaris spp. has been reported for three modes of action: namely, PS-II, ACCase, and ALS inhibitors, and has been described in P. minor, P. paradoxa, and P. brachystachys [7]; the development of herbicide-resistant Phalaris species in fields may be a serious threat to crop yields and sustainable wheat production and may threaten the biodiversity of accompanying weed communities [3,11]. These three species are frequently found in similar types of agroecosystems, mainly winter cereals, where they cause the greatest yield losses. The result of the weed risk assessment for P. brachystachys in the United States is high risk [28]

Mechanisms of Herbicide Resistance

Resistance to PSII Inhibitors

Resistance to ACCase Inhibitors

Resistance to ALS Inhibitors

Findings

Conclusions and Future Directions