Hepatic Vitamin A Concentrations and Association with Infectious Causes of Child Death

Abstract

To assess postmortem vitamin A (VA) concentrations in children under 5years of age and evaluate the association between VA deficiency (VAD) and infectious causes of death (CoD). In this cross-sectional study from the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) Network, liver biopsies collected within 72hours of death were analyzed from 405 stillbirths and children under 5years in Kenya and South Africa. Total liver VA (TLVA) concentrations were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography, and cutoffs of ≤0.1μmol/g, >0.1 to <0.7μmol/g, ≥0.7 to <1.0μmol/g, and ≥1.0μmol/g were used to define VAD, adequate VA status, high VA, and hypervitaminosis A, respectively. CoD were determined by expert panel review. Among 366 liver samples with viable extraction, pooled prevalences of VAD, adequacy, high VA, and hypervitaminosis were 34.2%, 51.1%, 6.0%, and 8.7%, respectively. VAD was more common among neonates compared with stillbirths, infants, or children, and among those with low birthweight (LBW), underweight, or stunting (P<.05). When adjusting for site, age, and sex, there was no significant association of VAD with increased infectious CoD (OR 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9, 3.8, P=.073). In stratified analyses, VA deficient boys, but not girls, had an increased risk of infectious CoD (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.3, 10.3, P=.013). Definitive postmortem assessment of VA status identified both VAD and VA excess among children under 5years of age in Kenya and South Africa. VAD in boys was associated with increased risk of infectious mortality. Our findings may inform a transition from universal VA supplementation (VAS) to targeted strategies in certain countries.