Abstract
Cupping is a time-honoured traditionalhealingmodality for pain management and remains favoured by professionals and lay people across several cultures today. However, the analgesic mechanism of cupping is stillpoorlyunderstood. In addition, clinical guidelines for standardized applications of cupping are currently lacking. The awareness ofcupping marks has provoked curiosity about the connection between skin color changes and their benefit for local pain relief. Computer simulation is a promising approach for numerical modeling the cupping-evoked erythrocyte emigration. Quantitative proteomic profiling of cupping-induced blister fluid exhibited a significant decrease in the abundance of haemoglobin β subunit. This finding provides a critical clue to paint a novel picture of the mechanism behind cupping. The hemorphins are a set of non-classical opioid peptides derived from the proteolysis of haemoglobin β subunit. In the present study, a probable mechanism of hemorphin-based cupping analgesia is proposed. The hemorphin could also act as a potential biomarker for objective and timely quantitative clinical assessment of cupping in the management of pain conditions. A seminal theory may open a new avenue for future translational research on promoting the efficacy and safety of cupping analgesia. The localanalgesiceffectof cupping is probable in the context of haemoglobin degradation that bestows the appearance of hemorphinsalong with engaging opioid receptor signalling. Exploring the potential novel mechanism of cupping analgesia facilitates seeking non-pharmacologic paininterventions.
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