Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory viral infection caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Thus, it objected to comprehend the pathophysiology of COVID-19, as well as its clinical repercussions on hemodynamic alterations. This is an integrative literature review, such a method is able to select and include experimental and non-experimental studies, qualitative in nature, descriptive and exploratory in character. Initially, it started from the guiding question: "What hemodynamic dysfunctions can the positive COVID-19 patient develop?" The study was conducted by searching the database: PUBMED, using the descriptors: "coagulopathy" and "COVID-19", combined by the Boolean operator AND. As inclusion criteria, the filters of one-year version, full text, clinical trial, meta-analysis, and randomized controlled trial were chosen. Coagulopathy and thromboembolic events are manifestations of COVID-19 and are designated as poor prognostic factors. The respiratory system is the main target of SARS-CoV-2, but other body systems may also be involved. Therefore, symptoms can range from respiratory distress to multiple organ failure. It is concluded that the presence of coagulopathy is a major source of mortality in COVID-19 positive patients. Also, coagulopathy is linked to the severity of the symptomatology of COVID-19, and that in more severe cases relatively increased levels of D-dimer, prothrombin time, and fibrinogen are present. In addition, no significant minimization in platelet levels was observed in severe cases of COVID-19.
Highlights
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory viral infection caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2), in which it is a member of the betacoronavirus family
A recent study showed that COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC) has different characteristics than coagulopathy caused by bacterial infections and other diseases
It is concluded that the presence of coagulopathy is one of the main origins of mortality in patients with positive COVID-19
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory viral infection caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2), in which it is a member of the betacoronavirus family. It is composed of single-stranded RNA with typical structural protein involving envelope (E protein), membrane (M protein), nucleocapsid (N protein), and spicule/spike (S protein) proteins that are responsible for viral infection. Right after MERS and SARS, COVID-19 is the third most fatal coronavirus-caused zoonotic disease that has occurred in the past 20 years; it has generated more deaths than MERS or SARS. COVID-19 has a high mortality rate (Al-Ani, Chehade, LazoLangner, 2020; Zhang, et al, 2020)
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