Abstract
The gut microbiota in the human body is an important component that plays a pivotal role in the ability of the host to prevent diseases and recover from these diseases. If the human microbiome changes for any reason, it affects the overall functioning of the host. Healthy and vigorous gut microbiota require dietary fiber supplementation. Recently, oligosaccharides have been found to play a significant role in the modulation of microbiota. Several such oligosaccharides, i.e., xylooligosaccharides (XOS), mannooligosaccharides (MOS), and arabino-xylooligosaccharides (AXOS), are derived from hemicellulosic macromolecules such as xylan, mannan, and arabino-xylan, respectively. These oligosaccharides serve as substrates for the probiotic production of health-promoting substances (short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids etc.), which confer a variety of health benefits, including the prevention of some dreaded diseases. Among hemicellulose-derived oligosaccharides (HDOs), XOS have been largely explored, whereas, studies on MOS and AXOS are currently underway. HDOs, upon ingestion, help reduce morbidities by lowering populations of harmful or pathogenic bacteria. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are mainly utilized for the uptake of oligosaccharides in probiotics. Butyrate generated by the selective fermentation of oligosaccharides, along with other short-chain fatty acids, reduces gut inflammation. Overall, oligosaccharides derived from hemicelluloses show a similar potential as conventional prebiotics and can be supplemented as functional foods. This review summarizes the role of HDOs in the alleviation of autoimmune diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease), diabetes, urinary tract infection, cardiovascular diseases, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the modulation of the gut microbiota. The mechanism of oligosaccharide utilization and disease mitigation is also explained.
Highlights
Humans are very interested in controlling and minimizing the risk of their personal health, and modern consumers have a strong preference for natural food over processed food [1]
These oligosaccharides contribute to the important physiological functions of dietary fibers: [1] Their consumption does not increase the blood glucose level or spike the secretion of insulin because of the formation of a gel in the gut through which it dissolves, [2] their nature is non-cariogenic and low calorific (0–3 kcal/g of sugar), [3] they stimulate the growth of specific microorganisms that enrich the gut environment by decreasing pH, and [4] they ameliorate the absorption of the minerals through the intestinal cells
This review summarizes the biochemical properties of Hemicellulose-derived oligosaccharides (HDOs) and their impact in reducing the development of diseases through the modulation of gut microbiota
Summary
Humans are very interested in controlling and minimizing the risk of their personal health, and modern consumers have a strong preference for natural food over processed food [1]. Functional oligosaccharides directly influence the gut microbiota and help to produce different key health-promoting metabolites, which are directly associated with the physiology of the host [4, 5]. Reduce the visceral fat cells Decrease the metabolic endotoxemia Reduce development of diabetes Reduce the antibiotic-associated diarrhea Make unfavorable conditions for colorectal cancer-risking pathogen Reduce inflammation of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis Reverse high-fat-diet-induced disorder Ameliorate insulin resistance and glucose tolerance
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