Abstract
Some oligosaccharides are regarded as biological constituents with benefits to human health in an indirect way. They enter the intestinal tract to be fermented by the gut microbiota, causing changes in the abundance and composition of the gut microbiota and producing fermentation products such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In this review, the structural features and biological activities of eight common natural oligosaccharides were summarized, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS), isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOS), chitin oligosaccharides (NACOS), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). Furthermore, XOS were selected to explain the anti-tumor mechanism mediated by gut microbiota. The review aims to reveal primary structural features of natural functional oligosaccharides related to the biological activities and also provide an explanation of the anti-tumor activity of functional oligosaccharides mediated by the gut microbiota.
Highlights
Functional food ingredients, especially functional oligosaccharides, have been increasingly developed for human health.[1]
They enter the intestinal tract to be fermented by the gut microbiota, causing changes in the abundance and composition of the gut microbiota and producing fermentation products such as shortchain fatty acids (SCFAs)
The review aims to reveal primary structural features of natural functional oligosaccharides related to the biological activities and provide an explanation of the anti-tumor activity of functional oligosaccharides mediated by the gut microbiota
Summary
The gut microbiota has attracted extensive attention thanks to their unique effects on human biological and pathological activities.[7] Diverse microbial communities in the human intestinal tract are known as gut microbiota, and its number is estimated to be more than 1014 orders of magnitude.[8] Gut microbiota plays a signi cant role in various biological processes of human body, such as digestion,[9] synthesis,[10] host defense[11] and obesity.[12] Most of the oligosaccharides, including arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS),[13] xylooligosaccharides (XOS),[14] isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOS),[15] human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS)[16] and chitin oligosaccharides (NACOS)[17] etc., can't be directly digested by human. Relevant scienti c research teams worldwide have made brilliant achievements and outstanding contributions in the research and development eld of preventing and treating chronic diseases and alleviating sub-health These studies are relatively isolated and short of systematic research on the molecular mechanism of oligosaccharides regulating tumor metabolism by gut microbiota. The effects of XOS on gut microbiota were investigated as an example, and the process of anti-tumor activity mediated by gut microbiota was reviewed
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