Abstract
Helper phages are bacteriophages that supply missing or defective genetic functions to other phages or phage-related genetic elements, enabling the latter to complete their phage-like replication cycle and become encapsidated in infectious phage or phage-like particles. Some helper phages enable damaged or defective phages to complete their life cycle; others are exploited by certain molecular parasites to enable the latter to perform phage-like reproduction, leading to the production of infectious particles. Still others are used to provide packaging and infectivity functions for non-phage DNA.
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