Helicobacter pylori Vacuolating Toxin Forms Anion-Selective Channels in Planar Lipid Bilayers: Possible Implications for the Mechanism of Cellular Vacuolation

Abstract

The Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin plays a major role in the gastric pathologies associated with this bacterium. When added to cultured cells, VacA induces vacuolation, an effect potentiated by preexposure of the toxin to low pH. Its mechanism of action is unknown. We report here that VacA forms anion-selective, voltage-dependent pores in artificial membranes. Channel formation was greatly potentiated by acidic conditions or by pretreatment of VacA at low pH. No requirement for particular lipid(s) was identified. Selectivity studies showed that anion selectivity was maintained over the pH range 4.8–12, with the following permeability sequence: Cl − ≈ HCO 3 − > pyruvate > gluconate > K + ≈ Li + ≈ Ba 2+ > NH 4 +. Membrane permeabilization was due to the incorporation of channels with a voltage-dependent conductance in the 10–30 pS range (2 M KCl), displaying a voltage-independent high open probability. Deletion of the NH 2 terminus domain (p37) or chemical modification of VacA by diethylpyrocarbonate inhibited both channel activity and vacuolation of HeLa cells without affecting toxin internalization by the cells. Collectively, these observations strongly suggest that VacA channel formation is needed to induce cellular vacuolation, possibly by inducing an osmotic imbalance of intracellular acidic compartments.