Abstract
Heavy-quasiparticle excitations, a hallmark of heavy-fermion or heavy-electron systems require the existence of low-energy scales. As regards the origin of these scales, our understanding has considerably improved over the last few years. For a long time it was believed that the Kondo effect is the sole route to heavy-electron exitations. But more recently two others were discovered: One applies to Nd 2- x Ce x CuO 4 and is based on the Zeeman effect; the other-one applies to the semimetal Yb 4As 3. Here one is dealing with nearly one-dimensional Hubbard chains close to half filling. The system is a good example for an almost perfect decoupling between spin and charge degrees of freedom. It is shown that it is essentially a neutral heavy-Fermi liquid in distinction to, e.g., CeAl 3 or CeCu 2Si 2 where the heavy quasiparticles carry a charge.
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