Abstract
This paper studies the level of improvement of building envelopes required to heat the Dutch housing stock using an energy supply without natural gas, such as a district heating network at lower supply temperature or a heat pump. We identified 35 building types to represent the Dutch housing stock of single-family dwellings. A 4R2C building model was used to assess whether the dwellings could be heated at lower supply temperatures after they were renovated according to six renovation packages of different ambition level.
Published Version
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