Heat and mass transfer of a hybrid nanofluid flow with binary chemical reaction over a permeable shrinking surface

Abstract

The effect of a binary chemical reaction defined by activation energy on the heat and mass transfer of a hybrid nanofluid flow over a permeable stretching surface was analyzed. The governing equations of the problem were reduced to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations that were solved using the nonlinear shooting method. Dual solutions were observed within an interval of the suction parameter, with all other parameters fixed. The results show that the domain of the existence of dual solutions widens with an increase in the volume fraction of copper nanoparticles, the Richardson's number, and the combined buoyancy force parameter. The opposite is observed with an increase in the volume fraction of alumina nanoparticles, stretching parameter, and temperature difference parameter. The skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and Sherwood number increase with an increase in the suction parameter, volume fraction of copper nanoparticles, Richardson's number, and combined buoyancy force parameter. The mass transfer is sensitive to a low value of the dimensionless activation energy, and is greater with an increase in the fitted rate constant, temperature difference parameter, and non-dimensional reaction rate. The flow properties are greatly influenced by changes in the suction parameter, stretching parameter, and nanoparticle volume fraction.