Abstract

In the last couple of decades, there has been a significant turn towards critical and “culture-centered” approaches to health communication. Through the lens of critical ethnography, this paper aims to unsettle dominant Eurocentric and exclusionary notions of citizenship tied to a legislative and juridical framework of rights--as entitlements and obligations emanating from the “nation-state”. Instead, by focusing on the communicative practices of members of Ashodaya Samithi, a sex worker collective responding to local forms of discrimination and violence and susceptibility to the HIV infection, we disrupt dichotomous notions of political “centers” and “margins” by emphasizing how local forms of resistance and transnational alliance-building constitute complex socialities that enable sex workers to navigate risks, demand services, expand their rights and freedoms, while fulfilling individual and collective responsibilities. We argue that, in the “developing” world, emergent forms of citizenship are more likely to be found not in some concentrated center of cultural authority like the nation-state, or its ancillaries, but in more dispersed sites where postcolonial struggles may appear as uncivil, coarse, insurgent, impure, ambiguous, marginal, and thus threatening to more purified, populist portraits of nationhood redrawn by politicians and health officials. This paper highlights alternative voices often blocked by the dominant discourse, thereby potentially re-centring health communication in marginalized spaces. By juxtaposing field data and theory, this paper also aims to demonstrate how to engage in Critical Health Communication research with rigor and quality.

Highlights

  • The 1990s saw the rise of citizenship studies in the social sciences—a focus that primarily sought to contest traditional notions of citizenship

  • In this paper, based on the findings from a larger ethnographic study on the formation of a sex workers collective in South India, we situate collectivization and community-led structural intervention among sex workers as an emerging form of citizenship, which, we argue, is fundamentally different from traditional understanding of citizenship centered on nation-states and from which these communities have been historically excluded

  • In interviewing and observing the sex workers in the study, we found them focused on the structural issues in their lives, their experiences of violence and stigma associated with their work, which is directly linked with HIV and other health problems encountered by them

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Summary

Introduction

The 1990s saw the rise of citizenship studies in the social sciences—a focus that primarily sought to contest traditional notions of citizenship. Postcolonial scholars have been especially attentive to the exclusionary practices of governments in “developing” countries that have (ironically) taken up normative Eurocentric notions of citizenship in ways that reinforce grave injustices, while, at the same time, these scholars stress the vibrant actions taken by social groups to confront and redress these injustices, claiming vital space in which to forge their social legitimacy. From this perspective, citizenship is reconceptualized in terms of political subjectivity rather than mere membership (Isin, 2012; Lorway, 2014)

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