Abstract
Bonfire night is a worldwide phenomenon given to numerous annual celebrations characterised by bonfires and fireworks. Since Thailand has no national ambient air quality standards for metal particulates, it is important to investigate the impacts of particulate injections on elevations of air pollutants and the ecological health impacts resulting from firework displays. In this investigation, Pb and Ba were considered potential firework tracers because their concentrations were significantly higher during the episode, and lower than/comparable with minimum detection limits during other periods, indicating that their elevated concentrations were principally due to pyrotechnic displays. Pb/Ca, Pb/Al, Pb/Mg, and Pb/Cu can be used to pin-point emissions from firework displays. Air mass backward trajectories (72 h) from the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model indicated that areas east and north-east of the study site were the main sources of the airborne particles. Although the combined risk associated with levels of Pb, Cr, Co., Ni, Zn, As, Cd, V, and Mn was far below the standards mentioned in international guidelines, the lifetime cancer risks associated with As and Cr levels exceeded US-EPA guidelines, and may expose inhabitants of surrounding areas of Bangkok to an elevated cancer risk.
Highlights
IntroductionOver the last few decades there has been increasing interest in the adverse public health impacts of exposure to ambient toxic chemicals, principally in relation to carcinogenicity and mutagenicity [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17].Another central concern of ambient air quality studies is the chemical compositions of particular matterAtmosphere 2018, 9, 144; doi:10.3390/atmos9040144 www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphereAtmosphere 2018, 9, 144 elemental compounds
This study examined the impacts of fireworks displays on ambient air quality in Bangkok according to the mass concentrations of PM10 and their chemical characteristics, including selected metals
It is crucial to note that the fact that other elements previously used as firework tracers were lower during firework display period (FDP) can be explained by overwhelming contributions of traffic emissions during the observatory period
Summary
Over the last few decades there has been increasing interest in the adverse public health impacts of exposure to ambient toxic chemicals, principally in relation to carcinogenicity and mutagenicity [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17].Another central concern of ambient air quality studies is the chemical compositions of particular matterAtmosphere 2018, 9, 144; doi:10.3390/atmos9040144 www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphereAtmosphere 2018, 9, 144 elemental compounds. Over the last few decades there has been increasing interest in the adverse public health impacts of exposure to ambient toxic chemicals, principally in relation to carcinogenicity and mutagenicity [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17] Another central concern of ambient air quality studies is the chemical compositions of particular matter. It seems necessary to monitor the levels of such metals in ambient air
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