Hazard Analysis Methodology and Derivation of Performance Criteria for ADS-B and Alternate Surveillance Means

Abstract

Recent standards work has derived minimum performance criteria for ADS-B surveillance using radar-like separation standards and operational methods in en route and terminal airspace. This paper introduces an alternative methodology for deriving ADS-B, radar and other surveillance system performance requirements based on generic hazard analysis methodology summarized by the FAA in recent Safety Management System (SMS) documents. The methodology is illustrated by first principles derivation of ADS-B performance criteria such as containment integrity (NIC, SIL) and position accuracy (NACp) for specified separation standards using GPS and alternate position sources. The level of the analysis is consistent with preliminary hazard analysis (PHA), to identify candidate surveillance sensors and initial performance criteria to meet desired target level of safety (TLS) criteria for specified separation minima. A simplified separation error probability (SEP) methodology is introduced that enables direct derivation of accuracy and integrity criteria for ADS-B systems, and provides a generic methodology for other positioning sensors, such as radar. The SEP methodology is extendable for end-to-end analysis, i.e., from generation of aircraft position and velocity reports to display of aircraft traffic for air traffic control and separation management.