Harnessing the Synergy between Upconverting Nanoparticles and Lanthanide Complexes in a Multiwavelength-Responsive Hybrid System

Abstract

We prepared a hybrid system composed of a continuous film of a dinuclear lanthanide complex [Ln2 bpm(tfaa)6] (Ln = Tb or Eu) and upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) using a straightforward drop-cast methodology. The system displayed visible emission under near-infrared (NIR) excitation, simultaneously stemming from sub-10 nm UCNPs and [Ln2] complexes, the latter species being otherwise directly excitable only using UV-blue radiation. In light of the results of steady-state—including power-dependent—and time-resolved optical measurements, we identified the radiative, primarily ligand-mediated nature of the energy transfer from Tm3+ ions in the UCNPs to Ln3+ ions in the complexes. Hyperspectral mapping and electron microscopy observations of the surface of the hybrid system confirmed the continuous and concomitant distribution of UCNPs and lanthanide complexes over the extensive composite films. Key features of the hybrid system are the simultaneous UV-blue and NIR light harvesting capabilities and their eas...