Harnessing extracellular vesicle membrane for gene therapy: EVs-biomimetic nanoparticles

Abstract

One of the main concerns in oligonucleotide-based therapeutics is achieving a successful cell targeting while avoiding drug degradation and clearance. Nanoparticulated drug delivery systems have emerged as a way of overcoming these issues. Among them, membrane-coated nanoparticles are of increasing relevance mainly due to their enhanced cellular uptake, immune evasion and biocompatibility. In this study, we designed and elaborated a simple and highly tuneable biomimetic drug delivery nanosystem based on a polymeric core surrounded by extracellular vesicles (EVs)-derived membranes. This strategy should allow the nanosystems to benefit from the properties conferred by the membrane proteins present in EVs membrane, key paracrine mediators. The developed systems were able to successfully encapsulate the required oligonucleotides. Also, their characterisation through already well standardised methods (dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis) and by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) showed the desired core-shell structure. The cellular uptake using different cell types further confirmed the coating though an enhancement in cell internalisation of the developed biomimetic nanoparticles. This study brings up new possibilities for GapmeR delivery as it might be a base for the development of new delivery systems for gene therapy.