Abstract
The increasing number of efluents discharged from the source of water (urban, industrial, agricultural etc.), is resulting in a higher concentration of heavy metals in the source. Heavy metals have a density of over 5g/cm3 to the metals. These are toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and resistant in watery and non-aquatic environments and impact water and non-water bodies seriously by substituting the basic metals of the same function. The extraction from the wastewater can be done in numerous techniques for example using an ion replacement, membrane filtration, osmosis, etc. This study discusses the adverse effects of heavy metals on the human body, the benefits of biosorption over traditional approaches for removal of heavy metals, the different biosorbents used to extract heavy metals and concerning issues regarding its commercial use, offering a wider viewpoint for the diversity of biosorbents and utilization of biosorption technique. It is evident from the profound literature survey that pH, biosorbent particle size, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, presence of chelating ligands etc. are some factors that affect the rate and extent of biosorption.
Highlights
All living beings necessitate the availability of safe drinking water
The preceding studies show that a diverse variety of bioassortments can be employed for removing heavy metal ions from industrial water, such as diverse industrial bacterial biosorbents, agricultural by-products or biomassbased adsorbents
Several biosorbents can be employed as a synthetic solution for removal of more than one metal which means that with more than one type of heavy metal, a single biosorbent may be used according to their ability to bind to a biosorbent functional group on the biosorbent surface
Summary
All living beings necessitate the availability of safe drinking water. Only 3% of the water on the planet is non-salty, with the remaining 2% in the form of ice and glaciers, and less than 1% of the available water may be used for residential, agricultural, and industrial purposes. Various industries e.g., the manufacture of batteries, steel, paper, paint, pulp, metal plating, agrochemicals, agrochemicals, petrochemicals, chemical manufacturing, mining, leather tanning, and fertilizer industries produce wastewater containing heavy metal ions and discharge their untreated or poorly treated effluents into water sources e.g., rivers, ponds, lakes, etc. These heavy metals are not compostable, unlike organic waste, and are very stable in water due to their ability to form complexes (Sathianesan et al, 2018). This review will cover the dangers of heavy metal ions on the body, the importance of biosorption, biosorbent metal bonding properties, state-of-the-art of biosorbents for heavy metal ion removal, heavy metal biosorption equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies, preventative measures, augmentations, and obstacles
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