Hard Carbon Sodiation and Its Mechanical Impact on Formation

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Acoustic waves can assess the wetting extent of a porous material by sending sound waves through the material and analyzing how those waves are reflected, refracted, or absorbed. Using modeling and analytical tools developed by the seismology community and correlating with traditional impedance measurements, we have shown that the wetting extent can be understood for many cycles. In this study, we determine where and when the electrolyte moves during Na-ion formation. Further, we discuss how the SEI varies as a function of the adsorption, intercalation, and pore-filling modes of sodium storage observed by the community in hard carbon electrodes.