Abstract
Hard carbons are deemed to be promising anodes for commercialized sodium-ion batteries due to their abundant resources, low cost, and low-plateau potential (∼0.1 V versus Na+/Na). However, the practical application of hard carbon anodes has been hindered by their unstable long-time cycling performance. Herein, a hard carbon anode derived from a camellia (TS1300) seed shell exhibits a high reversible capacity of 299.1 mA h g−1 together with a superior stable capacity retention of 93.8% over 1000 cycles. Further experimental results reveal that the proper graphene interlayer spacing (0.375 nm) and graphitic-like nanodomain structure are critical to excellent electrochemical performance. Therefore, this hard carbon material derived from the camellia seed shell is a promising anode for high-performance sodium-ion batteries.
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