Abstract
The aim of the article is to examine whether there is a difference in the utilization of education among university educated employees in private companies on the one hand and public institutions on the other. The target population of the research was based on a random sample drawn from the National Population Register by the National Survey of the Social Science Research Institute of the University of Iceland from 9 March to 9 April 2016. The survey included 2,001 individuals, aged 18 or above, from all over the country. A total of 1,210 persons responded to the survey. This research only involved those participants in the sample who had completed a university education and were salaried employees in Iceland. After data cleansing, 374 participants remained, 178 males and 196 females. The initial results of the research indicated that 20.3% of participants were over-educated for their jobs. The majority of females work in public companies, while the majority of males work in private companies. Individuals with under-education are most likely to be found within public companies, at the same time as over-educated individuals are most likely to be found in private companies (the difference lies in the under- and over-education of females). Those working in public companies come primarily from educational and health sicences, while engineers and natural sicentists work primarily at private companies. Incomes are higher in private companies.
Highlights
Háskólanemendum hefur fjölgað mjög á Íslandi síðustu áratugi eins og víðar á Vesturlöndum
The aim of the article is to examine whether there is a difference in the utilization of education among university educated employees in private companies on the one hand and public institutions on the other
The majority of females work in public companies, while the majority of males work in private companies
Summary
1.1 Almennar kenningar um ofmenntun Sem fyrr segir hefur ekki náðst samkomulag um skilgreiningu á ofmenntun. Kenningin fjallar þannig um ákveðið jafnvægi á vinnumarkaði þar sem nemendur og starfsmenn sækja sér menntun þegar þeir sjá fram á að hún borgi sig með einhverjum hætti. Ekki er gert ráð fyrir því að ofmenntaður starfsmaður haldist í starfi til lengri tíma, þar sem hvorki hann né fyrirtækið gera sér grein fyrir hæfni starfsmannsins miðað við aðra á markaði. Þetta er jafnframt í samræmi við niðurstöður Sicherman (1991) og Robst (1995) sem sýna að ofmenntaðir starfsmenn eru líklegri en aðrir á vinnumarkaði til að finna sér betri vinnu. Þannig geti ofmenntun verið langvarandi ástand þar sem starfsmenn halda áfram að mennta sig til að komast framar í goggunarröðina. Þessar sömu rannsóknir benda þó einnig til þess að ofmenntaðir einstaklingar séu með hlutfallslega hærri laun en aðrir starfsmenn í samsvarandi störfum sem hafa minni menntun en þeir. Stærstan hluta háskólamenntaðra ríkisstarfsmanna mun vera að finna í heilbrigðis- og menntakerfi og vegna strangra lagalegra skilyrða um menntun við ráðningar hjá hinu opinbera er líklegat að flestir hinna háskólamenntuðu séu hæfilega menntaðir
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