Abstract
Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (GP) has been reported in previous studies to possess antihyperlipidaemic, antioxidative, and cardioprotective properties. This study was aimed to determine the effect of standardised 80% ethanol extract of GP on lipid profiles and oxidative status of hypercholesterolemic rats. Postmenopausal (PM) Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomised and fed with 2% cholesterol diet fortified with five times heated palm oil to develop hyperlipidaemia status. Two doses of the extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) were administered once daily via oral gavage for 24 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was increased during the first month in the postmenopausal group and decreased with GP supplementation. Lipid droplets accumulation was shown at the tunica media (TM) area of the aorta in the postmenopausal group and reduced with GP supplementation. Total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased (p < 0.05) at 3 and 6 months in the postmenopausal group and were reduced with GP supplementation. GP also increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in the postmenopausal group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were reduced in the postmenopausal group compared to control in the sham group but increased (p < 0.05) with GP supplementation. The results showed that the higher dose of GP (500 mg/kg) gave better effect. GP has the ability to reduce oxidative stress and prevent membrane cell damage through antioxidant enzyme activity modification and lipid profile changes in postmenopausal rats related to atherosclerosis.
Highlights
Introduction e World HealthOrganization (WHO) reported that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death globally. e National Health and Morbidity Survey of Malaysia reported in 2015 that at least 63% of adults aged 18 years and above had at least one CVD risk factor [1]. eMalaysian Ministry of Health has speculated that CVD incidents will increase to 23.3 million cases in 2030 [2]
Chromatographic separation was carried out to profile the secondary metabolites of the extract by using the UHPLC system Perkin Elmer Flexar FX15 UHPLC system coupled to Sciex 3200 hybrid trap triple quad tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MSMS), equipped with an autosampler and a Phenomenex Synergy RP C18 column (100 A, 100 × 2.0 mm, 3 μM). e mobile phases were water with 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (B). e detection mode used was targeted multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for qualification, and the detected compound peaks were compared with mass spectral library (ACD Labs, Toronto, Canada) advanced chemometric mass fragmentations predictive software
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in the negative mode was used in LC-MS/MS analysis to tentatively identify the secondary metabolites present in the 80% ethanol extract of G. procumbens
Summary
Introduction e World HealthOrganization (WHO) reported that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death globally. e National Health and Morbidity Survey of Malaysia reported in 2015 that at least 63% of adults aged 18 years and above had at least one CVD risk factor [1]. eMalaysian Ministry of Health has speculated that CVD incidents will increase to 23.3 million cases in 2030 [2]. In comparison between women and men at matched-age, women have lower risk for cardiovascular diseases especially atherosclerosis. Studies reported that menopausal women at the age of 55. Oestrogen deficiency in women or postmenopausal women has been linked to the rapid increase in CVD [6]. Oestrogen has a cardioprotective effect towards CVD and atherosclerosis condition [7]. It increases abdominal fat, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) [8, 9]. It leads to an early atherosclerosis event
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