Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota development is influenced by human biogeographic factors such as race, ethnicity, diet, lifestyle or culture-specific variations, and other environmental influences. However, biogeographic variation in gut microbiota assembly remains largely unexplored in Latin America. In this paper, we compared food recall information and microbiota composition of toddlers living in geographically separated urban populations within four states of Brazil. 16S RNA gene sequencing revealed that alpha diversity was similar between the four different populations. Gut microbiota compositions were dominated by members of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, resembling a more adult-like microbiota as compared with those of Western European toddlers of similar age. These findings suggest that inter-individual and nutrition-induced differences were apparent in the fecal microbiota. We conclude that urban dietary pattern plays a larger role in influencing the gut microbiota composition than do biogeographic factors.
Highlights
As interest in the gut microbiome has rapidly increased in the last decade, attention has turned to the role of early life microbiota development in later life health [1,2,3]
From the 116 included participants recruited from public day care centers from four different geographical regions Santo André (n = 35) (Southeast region, SAN), Natal (n = 31) (Northeast region, NAT), Porto Alegre (n = 16) (Southern region, POA), and Uberaba (n = 17) (Southeast region, UBE), 99 met all requirements for subsequent analyses
Based on data collected from 2day food recall questionnaires, we split each field into five categories: milk, vegetables, drinks, animal proteins, and junk food (Figure 1)
Summary
As interest in the gut microbiome has rapidly increased in the last decade, attention has turned to the role of early life microbiota development in later life health [1,2,3]. Childhood is the most critical phase in various aspects of human development. Factors such as nutrition, environmental changes, and infection can influence the maturation of the immune system. Environmental changes, and infection can influence the maturation of the immune system This in turn may severely impact a child’s resilience to pathogenic infections. The microbiota plays critical roles in the maturation and priming of the human innate and adaptive immune systems, while the immune system reciprocally orchestrates the stability and function of the host–microbiota symbiosis. Poor nutrition can directly and indirectly compromise immune function and subsequent susceptibility to infection [10]
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