Abstract
The gut microbiome has emerged as a key regulator of host metabolism. Accumulating evidence has indicated that the gut microbiota is involved in the development of various human diseases. This association relies on the structure and metabolites of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota metabolizes the diet ingested by the host into a series of metabolites, including short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, and branched-chain amino acids, which affects the physiological processes of the host by activating numerous signaling pathways. In this review, we first summarize the various mechanisms through which the gut microbiota influences adipose tissue dysfunction and metabolic processes that subsequently cause cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the complex interactions between gut microbes, their metabolites, and the metabolic activity of the host. Furthermore, we investigated the current status of clinical therapies for adipose tissue dysfunction directed at the gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss the challenges that remain to be addressed before this field of research can be translated to everyday clinical practice.
Highlights
Obesity is a major global health concern
Current studies have assumed that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are anabolic signals that alter the growth of energy-consuming tissues, mediated in part through their ability to activate the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and protein kinase Cε (PKCε) [67], which may explain the bioactivity of BCAA in insulin resistance [67]
We have summarized the current knowledge on the gut microbiota in relation to ATDinduced cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in order to broaden our understanding in this field and to move towards establishing clinical applications, which may include a better understanding of etiology, pathology, and personalized interventions
Summary
Obesity is a major global health concern. There is a general consensus that obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The adipose tissue was thought to be relatively inert and its only function was as a storage depot for excess energy in the form of triglycerides and to build up or break down excess lipid into free fatty acids and glycerol based on the metabolic needs of the body. Growing research suggests that adipose organs are considered to be quite active tissues with metabolic functions and are involved in crosstalk between multiple organ systems [7]. A significant number of studies have been conducted investigating the role of gut microbiota in various endocrine and immune diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, allergies, and CVDs [8, 9]. We briefly review the treatment of various aspects of ATD-induced CVDs targeting the gut microbiota and provide guidance for future research in the emerging field of the gut microbiome associated with the development of metabolic diseases in humans
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