Gut Microbiota and Neuroinflammation: An Interconnected Nexus of Health and Neurodegenerative Disease

Abstract

The gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem of billions of microorganisms in the human digestive tract, plays a crucial role in maintaining health. Recent studies have highlighted a bidirectional communication pathway called the gut-brain axis between the gut and the brain. This communication is significantly influenced by gut microbiota and its interactions with the immune system, which can affect brain function and contribute to inflammation. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between gut microbiota and neuroinflammation, focusing on the underlying mechanisms and implications for neurological disorders. A thorough literature review was conducted, examining the impact of gut microbiota on neuroinflammation, the mechanisms of this interaction, and potential therapeutic applications. The gut microbiota modulates neuroinflammation through various pathways, including producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), modulating the immune system, and regulating the nervous system. Dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalance in gut microbiota composition, has been associated with an increased risk of neuroinflammation and various neurological conditions. Interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation show promise in treating neuroinflammation. Understanding the pivotal role of gut microbiota in neuroinflammation is essential for developing novel strategies to prevent and manage neurological diseases. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved, identify specific gut microbiota profiles associated with different neurological disorders, and optimize personalized therapies based on microbiome modulation.